And like with How to Train Your Dragon and many other DreamWorks features that have come before, Ruby Gillman had already proven to be an inspiration ahead of its official release. Pes O, Midlik A, Schlaghamersky J, Zitnan M, Taborsky P. A study on bioluminescence and photoluminescence in the earthworm Eisenia lucens. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. Royal Society of Chemistry; 2016;15(2):175-80

Zörner SA, Fischer A. The spatial pattern of bioluminescent flashes in the polychaete Eusyllis blomstrandi (Annelida). Helgol. Mar. Res. BioMed Central; 2007;61(1):55-66

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Kubodera T, Koyama Y, Mori K. Observations of wild hunting behaviour and bioluminescence of a large deep-sea, eight-armed squid, Taningia danae. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. The Royal Society London; 2007;274(1613):1029-34 Hoffmann KH. Environmental Aspects of Insect Bioluminescence. Environ. Physiol. Biochem. Insects [Internet]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1984. p. 225-44. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-70020-0_9 Renwart M, Delroisse J, Claes JM, Mallefet J. Ultrastructural organization of lantern shark ( Etmopterus spinax Linnaeus, 1758) photophores. Zoomorphology. Springer; 2014;133(4):405-16

Bioluminescent bacteria mainly belong to the class Gammaproteobacteria, and are confined to three genera, namely Vibrio, Photobacterium and Xenorhabdus. Out of these, Vibrio and Photobacterium are mostly found in marine ecosystems, whereas Xenorhabdus inhabits terrestrial habitats [ 14]. New strains of bioluminescent bacteria are still being discovered [ 15]. A remarkable fact about bacterial bioluminescence is that all bacterial bioluminescent systems are exactly alike in terms of biochemistry, i.e., they all rely on flavin mononucleotide (FMN), myristic aldehyde and NADH, and also oxygen [ 16].Comb jellies are the phylogenetically the most basic examples of bioluminescence in animals. Many species like Mnemiopsis [ 20, 37] use calcium activated coelenterazine as their bioluminescent substrate [ 4]. Some species, for example Beroe forskalii are known to produce myriad, cascading wave-patterns of intrinsic glow on their bodies, and some even emit a haze of glowing particles to startle the predator as a defensive measure, coupled with an escape response [ 38]. A majority of pelagic species are likely to exhibit bioluminescence [ 35]. The photo-proteins involved in bioluminescence in various genera like Mnemiopsis and Beroe have been studied, and are known to depend on calcium ions for their activity [ 39, 40].

Mayerhofer R, Langridge WHR, Cormier MJ, Szalay AA. Expression of recombinant Renilla luciferase in transgenic plants results in high levels of light emission. Plant J. 1995. p. 1031-8 Desjardin DE, Perry BA, Lodge DJ, Stevani C V, Nagasawa E. Luminescent Mycena: new and noteworthy species. Mycologia. Taylor & Francis; 2010;102(2):459-77 Isobe M, Uyakul D, Goto T, Counsilman JJ. Dyakia bioluminescence—1. Bioluminescence and fluorescence spectra of the land snail, D. striata. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. Wiley Online Library; 1988;2(2):73-9Widder EA, Greene CH, Youngbluth MJ. Bioluminescence of sound-scattering layers in the Gulf of Maine. J. Plankton Res. Oxford University Press; 1992;14(11):1607-24 From dragons and ogres to yetis, sharks, and even aliens, DreamWorks Animation continues to connect with global audiences by turning monsters to heroes that viewers young, old, and even real-life heroes themselves can look up to. And while many studios are looking for ways to do things differently in animation, the team behind the new 3DCG DreamWorks feature Ruby Gillman, Teenage Kraken, which releases in U.S. theaters today, June 30, continues to live by the age-old saying, “If it isn’t broken, don’t fix it.” Gouveneaux A, Mallefet J. Physiological control of bioluminescence in a deep-sea planktonic worm, Tomopteris helgolandica. J. Exp. Biol. The Company of Biologists Ltd; 2013;216(22):4285-9

Harper RD, Case JF. Disruptive counterillumination and its anti-predatory value in the plainfish midshipman Porichthys notatus. Mar. Biol. Springer; 1999;134(3):529-40 Oba Y, Stevani C V., Oliveira AG, Tsarkova AS, Chepurnykh T V., Yampolsky I V. Selected Least Studied but not Forgotten Bioluminescent Systems. Photochem. Photobiol. 2017;93(2):405-15 Kaskova ZM, Tsarkova AS, Yampolsky I V. 1001 lights: Luciferins, luciferases, their mechanisms of action and applications in chemical analysis, biology and medicine. Chem. Soc. Rev. [Internet]. Royal Society of Chemistry; 2016;45(21):6048-77. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6CS00296J McElroy WD, Seliger HH, DeLuca M. Insect bioluminescence. Physiol. Insecta. Elsevier; 1974. p. 411-60 Mitiouchkina T, Mishin AS, Gonzalez Somermeyer L, Markina NM, Chepurnyh T V, Guglya EB, et al. Plants with self-sustained luminescence. bioRxiv [Internet]. 2019 Jan 1;809376. Available from: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2019/10/18/809376.abstractRenwart M, Mallefet J. First study of the chemistry of the luminous system in a deep-sea shark, Etmopterus spinax Linnaeus, 1758 (Chondrichthyes: Etmopteridae). J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. Elsevier; 2013;448:214-9 Verdes A, Gruber DF. Glowing Worms: Biological, Chemical, and Functional Diversity of Bioluminescent Annelids. Integr. Comp. Biol. 2017;57(1):18-32 We had people on the team who connected to Ruby’s story as an immigrant coming to the U.S., and we had people talking to us about their identity, body issues, anything,” notes Faryn Pearl, co-director with DeMicco. “There were so many people that said at one point, ‘I am Ruby.’ We also had a lot of reactions about parents seeing themselves in Agatha or Grandmamah saying, ‘I learned something about how I should talk to my daughter’ or ‘I've learned something about how I hold on to things.’ The generational aspect has given us an outreach greater than we expected.” This cookie is set by Rubicon Project to control synchronization of user identification and exchange of user data between various ad services.