Kerrison PD, Stanley MS, Hughes AD (2018) Textile substrate seeding of Saccharina latissima sporophytes using a binder: an effective method for the aquaculture of kelp. Algal Res 33:352–357

Mizuta H, Nimura K, Yamamoto H (1999a) Inducible conditions for sorus formation of the sporophyte discs of Laminaria japonica Areschoug (Phaeophyceae). Fish Sci 65:104–108 DNA was extracted from dried tissue pieces of each individual of around 10–15 mm 2 with the NucleoSpin ® Plant II Kit (Macherey-Nagel, Germany), applying minor adaptations to the manufacturers’ protocol: The algal material was ground using dry silica sand and extra lysis buffer to dilute overly viscous samples. The cell lysis step was extended to a minimum of 1h to allow for maximum DNA recovery. Lastly, an additional centrifugation step at 11,000 g (3min) was applied before elution of the DNA. Raw DNA extracts were stored at −20°C. Lüning K (1988) Photoperiodic control of sorus formation in the brown alga Laminaria saccharina. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 45:137–144

Discussion

The external egg is fertilized by the motile sperm and the resultant zygote eventually develops into the new sporophyte. Bisalputra, T., Shields, C.M. & Markham, J.M., 1971. In situ observations of the fine structure of Laminaria gametophytes and embryos in culture. Journal de Microscopie, 10, 83-98. If the gametophytes become fertile, male gametophytes develop antheridia that produce sperm. The females develop oogonia in which the egg develops (Birkett et al., 1998). This egg is subsequently discharged. After the egg has emerged, the cell wall closes behind it and forms a cushion on which the egg is seated (Bisalputra et al., 1971). The gametophyte goes through a 'dumbbell' stage before enlargement (female) or division (male). This stage is characterized by swelling at the distal end of the germination tube, which is separated by a cell wall from the original spore case from which the tube initially arose (Kain, 1979).

Temperature ecotypes are formed in which the temperature tolerance of the species varies with location depending on the local conditions to which the plant is adapted. Consequently, different populations of the species are likely to react in different ways to environmental stresses such as changes in temperature. Furthermore, sporophytes are much more sensitive to temperature change than meiospores and gametophytes (Lee & Brinkhuis, 1988). National Trust, 2017. National Trust Species Records. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/opc6g1 accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01. The results of all calculated correlations are summarized in Figure3B. All statistical details can be found in the Supplementary( Table S.2). 3.3.1 Morphology vs. abiotic data

Acknowledgments

If you have dairy allergies, please note that De’Longhi says that the Rapid Cappuccino System is designed to work with cow milk. The results for other types of milk like oat, soy and almond cannot be guaranteed. If you have a dairy allergy, I think you may be better off with a Creatista Plus since you can have more control over the milk frothing and steaming. Nespresso Lattissima Model Comparison Frond morphology (length, width) was documented and the length to width ratio (length:width) was calculated for each individual. For all biochemical analyses, dried and ground meristematic material was used. Mannitol, molar C:N ratio and phlorotannins were measured as biochemical parameters, following the detailed methodological descriptions in Diehl and Bischof (2021). All data are summarized in the electronic Supplementary material Table S.1. 2.3.2 Statistics Lee & Brinkhuis (1988) studied the interaction of light and water temperature on the development of Saccharina latissima gametophytes and juvenile sporophytes in Long Island Sound and found the following. Centre for Environmental Data and Recording, 2018. Ulster Museum Marine Surveys of Northern Ireland Coastal Waters. Occurrence dataset https://www.nmni.com/CEDaR/CEDaR-Centre-for-Environmental-Data-and-Recording.aspx accessed via NBNAtlas.org on 2018-09-25. The experimental tanks (360 × 34 × 12 cm, each containing 100 L) were set up and connected in parallel to the same single header tank from which all water was distributed and collected. Consequently, each tank had its own water supply from the header tank providing a unidirectional flow in each tank of app. 500 L h −1. The setup ensured a total mixing of the water, providing all treatments with the same nutrient regime.