Faithfull Earth Rammer 10Lb with Metal Shaft, Black, 125cm Long, 12 x 12cm Face (FAIER10)

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Interest in rammed earth declined after World War II when the cost of modern construction materials decreased. [ citation needed] Rammed earth is considered substandard, and is opposed by many contractors, engineers, and tradesmen. [6] The prevailing perception that such materials and techniques perform poorly in regions prone to earthquakes has prevented their use in much of the world. [ citation needed] In Chile, for example, rammed earth edifices normally cannot be conventionally insured against damage or even be approved by the government. [ citation needed] Mixing cement with the soil can counteract sustainable benefits such as low embodied energy because manufacture of the cement itself creates 1.25 tonnes of carbon dioxide per tonne of cement produced. [9] Although it has low greenhouse gas emissions in theory, transportation and the production of cement can add significantly [ quantify] to the overall emissions of modern rammed earth construction. The most basic kind of traditional rammed earth has very low greenhouse gas emissions but the more engineered and processed variant of rammed earth has the potential for significant emissions. [ citation needed] History [ edit ] A hangtu section of the Great Wall of China Rammed-earth edifice on a farm in France Adding cement to soil mixtures low in clay can also increase the load-bearing capacity of rammed-earth edifices. [ citation needed] The United States Department of Agriculture observed in 1925 that rammed-earth structures endure indefinitely and can be constructed for less than two-thirds of the cost of standard frame houses. [4]

a b Meyskens, Covell F. (2022). "China's Cold War Motor City". In Altehenger, Jennifer; Ho, Denise Y. (eds.). Material Contradictions in Mao's China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-75085-9. Howard, Glenn (1943). "Bulletin No. 3: Rammed Earth Building Construction.". Clemson, South Carolina: The Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina, Engineering Experiment Station.

A Rammed-Earth Wall for the Ages at Nk'Mip Desert Cultural Centre". www.architecturalrecord.com . Retrieved 2021-03-12.

Keable, Rowland. "Rammed Earth – Pollution and Cement". Rammed Earth Consulting. London . Retrieved 4 February 2012. Rammed earth can effectively regulate humidity if unclad walls containing clay are exposed to an internal space. Humidity is regulated between 40% and 60%. [ citation needed] The material mass and clay content of rammed earth allows an edifice to breathe more than concrete edifices, which avoids problems of condensation but prevents significant loss of heat. [6] Rammed earth construction was both practically and ideologically important during the rapid construction of the Daqing oil field and the related development of Daqing. [17] :55 The "Daqing Spirit" represented deep personal commitment in pursuing national goals, self-sufficient and frugal living, and urban-rural integrated land use. [18] :3 Daqing's urban-rural landscape was said to embody the ideal communist society described by Karl Marx because it eliminated (1) the gap between town and country, (2) the gap between workers and peasants, and (3) the gap between manual and mental labor. [18] :3 Craterre - This French institute provides training in earth construction techniques and in conjunction with UNESCO seeks to disseminate scientific and technical know-how on earthen architecture. Environmental effects and sustainability [ edit ] Rammed-earth trombe wall constructed by Design Build BluffRammed Earth Construction". Earth Structures. Victoria, Australia. Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2012. During the Third Front campaign to develop strategic industries in China's rugged interior to prepare for potential invasion by the United States or Soviet Union, Planning Commission Director Li Fuchun project leaders to make do with what was available, including building rammed earth housing so that more resources could be directed to production. [19] :207 This policy came to be expressed through the slogan, "First build the factory and afterward housing." [19] :207 Nk'Mip Desert Cultural Centre in Osoyoos, British Columbia, Canada, completed in 2006 "Pisé" houses of rammed earth in Tabant, Morocco; the technique is called " tabut" there. Rammed-earth walls form part of the entrance edifice of the Eden Project in Cornwall, England, UK See also [ edit ] a b Hou, Li (2021). Building for Oil: Daqing and the Formation of the Chinese Socialist State. Harvard-Yenching Institute monograph series. Cambridge, Massachussetts: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-26022-1. A typical Hmong house-building technique in the subtropical climate of Vietnam. Old rammed-earth wall with deterioration, in France

The compressive strength of rammed earth is dictated by factors such as soil type, particle size distribution, amount of compaction, moisture content of the mix and type/amount of stabiliser used. Well-produced cement-stabilised rammed earth walls can be anywhere between 5 and 20 MPa. Higher compressive strength might require more cement. But addition of more cement can affect the permeability of the walls. Indeed, properly constructed rammed earth endures for thousands of years, as many ancient structures that are still standing around the world demonstrate. Rammed earth walls are reinforced with rebars in areas of high seismic activity. The French term "pisé de terre" or "terre pisé" was sometimes used in English for architectural uses, especially in the 19th century.Betts, Morris Cotgrave; Miller, Thomas Arrington Huntington (May 1937) [1925]. "Farmers' Bulletin No. 1500: Rammed Earth Walls for Buildings - Rammed Earth Books - The Boden Hauser". The Boden Hauser. p.20. OCLC 600507592. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012 . Retrieved February 4, 2012. Originally published by the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA. An alternative version is at: Betts, Morris Cotgrave; Miller, Thomas Arrington Huntington (May 1937) [1925]. Rammed Earth Walls for Buildings. Denton, TX, USA: UNT Digital Library, University of North Texas. OCLC 600507592 . Retrieved 4 February 2012.