Snakes Coloring Book for Kids: Reptilian Drawing Book for Child of All Ages | Gift Idea for Childrens and Toddlers Who Like Animals!

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To test whether regions of high PE are coincident with high human pressure at greater levels than we would expect if human pressure was distributed randomly across the global distributions of reptiles, we followed Venter et al. 42 by selecting the richest 10% of grid cells for reptilian PE (hereafter‘high value grid cells’) and calculated the proportion of these high value grid cells that are also deemed to be under high or very high human pressure (Human Footprint ≥ 6) 42. We then redistributed observed Human Footprint values at random across all terrestrial grid cells in which reptiles occur and recalculated the proportion of high value grid cells now considered to be under high or very high human pressure. We repeated this randomisation 1000 times to generate a distribution of randomised overlap scores for comparison with the observed proportion of overlap.

It took millions of years for man's instincts to develop. It will take millions more for them to even vary. It is fashionable to talk about changing man. A communicator must be concerned with unchanging man, with his obsessive drive to survive, to be admired, to succeed, to love, to take care of his own.” It is a commonly accepted view in mainstream archaeology that civilization started in ancient Mesopotamia with the great civilization of Sumer in what is now modern-day Iraq. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, archaeologists excavating at Tell Al’Ubaid in Iraq made an unusual discovery when they unearthed several 7,000-year-old artifacts which appear to represent humanoid figures with reptilian features. There are several methods available for mapping imperiled PD 8, 10, 22, 33, 34 and, in lieu of explicit extinction risk data, range-restricted species have often been used to identify regions of high conservation value 8, 22. Phylogenetic endemism (PE) 8 and evolutionary distinctiveness rarity (EDR) 22 weight branches of the phylogeny by the range sizes of the descendant species to identify regions containing large amounts of PD restricted to small areas. These methods prioritise highly irreplaceable regions but do not incorporate spatial measures of vulnerability, such as human impact, limiting their practical application in conservation planning 35, 36. Unfortunately, while range data are now available for 99% of reptiles 32, up-to-date extinction risk data (i.e. published in the past 10 years 29, 37) are not yetavailable for all reptile species 29. Without comprehensive extinction risk assessments for all reptiles, range data can be combined with environmental data to determine spatial vulnerability 38, 39, 40. First, let’s take a look at the overall shape of a reptile’s body. Generally speaking, reptiles are long and slender, with a tapered tail and a relatively small head. Keep this basic shape in mind as you begin sketching your reptile.Mishler, B. D. et al. Phylogenetic measures of biodiversity and neo- and paleo-endemism in Australian Acacia. Nat. Commun. 5, 4473 (2014).

Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA We ranked all tetrapod groups by their HITE scores to identify priority species that are irreplaceable and restricted to regions under high human pressure (Supplementary Table 4). Worryingly, four of the ten highest-ranking lizards and eight of the top ten snakes are listed as Data Deficient by the IUCN (ten highest-ranking HITE species for each clade in Supplementary Table 4). These 12 Data Deficient reptiles alone embody more than 500 million years of unique PD. Here, we present three new metrics, two of which combine human pressure (to measure vulnerability), PD and range size (to measure irreplaceability). (1) Our spatial metric, human-impacted phylogenetic endemism (HIPE), is an extension of standard PE that weighs phylogenetic branches in space in relation to the level of human pressure across the range of each species. We use HIPE to identify high value regions that support irreplaceable reptilian PD. We also develop two species-level metrics. (2) Terminal endemism (TE) weights the unique contribution of each species to global PD—the terminal branch length (TBL)—by its range size. (3) Human-impacted terminal endemism (HITE) extends TE by weighting the TBL of each species by the human pressure across its range. We use HITE to identify priority species with small ranges, heavily impacted by humans, whose conservation would safeguard significant amounts of unique PD. We calculated these metrics for all tetrapod clades globally. Forest, F. et al. Preserving the evolutionary potential of floras in biodiversity hotspots. Nature 445, 757–760 (2007). The Human Footprint index (HF) 41, 42 is the most comprehensive and high-resolution dataset of human pressures on global environments. It combines eight variables which measure direct human impacts on the environment, such as agricultural land, built environments, and human population density 42. Maps of cumulative human pressures have been shown to predict species distributions better than biological traits 43 and are a strong predictor of species extinction risk 44. However, the Human Footprint index has not been used to value and prioritise the conservation of terrestrial vertebrate PD globally.Jetz, W. et al. Global distribution and conservation of evolutionary distinctness in birds. Curr. Biol. 24, 919–930 (2014). As HIPE redistributes PD to regions of lower pressure, grid cells under very high human pressure cannot have a HIPE/PE ratio greater than 1 as they cannot receive additional PD from grid cells under greater human pressure. Conversely, grid cells under no human pressure cannot have a HIPE/PE ratio lower than 1, as they can only gain PD when it is redistributed based on human pressure. We therefore partitioned global patterns of reptilian HIPE into two components: (1) regions under very high human pressure (HF ≥ 12) where the HIPE/PE ratio approaches 1, indicating an overwhelming proportion of the PD found in those grid cells is restricted to regions under very high human pressure and does not also occur in regions under lower human pressure; and (2) regions under no human pressure (HF = 0) wherethe HIPE/PE ratio approaches 1, indicating the vast majority of PD present in those grid cells is restricted to regions under no human pressure. The term, 'reptilian brain' (or 'reptilian complex') is derived from a longstanding belief within the field of neuroanatomy that the forebrains of reptiles, and other small animals, were dominated by these structures. Paul MacLean suggested, within the Triune brain model, that the basal ganglia and a number of the surrounding structures within the base of the forebrain are responsible for 'species-typical' behaviors, which are present in aggression, dominance, territoriality, and ritual displays. The primal brain in the modern world