This color is also often incorporated into various elements inside a house – from the soft carpet in the living room and the throw pillows on the couch to the kitchen cabinets and the dining table runner.

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In contrast to the role of SV cells, spontaneous differentiation of progenitors was suppressed by co-culture with white adipocytes. Adipocytes share cytoplasm and signals through gap junctions ( Zhu et al., 2016); however, a direct interaction between adipocytes and progenitors is not required because the inhibition of spontaneous differentiation was also observed after the addition of adipocyte-conditioned medium. These results suggest that interscapular adipocytes, but not inguinal adipocytes, from developing hamsters secrete some factor(s) that suppress the differentiation of the progenitors. However, no candidate was identified in the RNA-seq analysis with criteria for highly expressed genes in interscapular adipocytes compared with both interscapular SV cells and inguinal adipocytes. Recently, it has been reported that adipocytes secrete not only peptides, but also lipid molecules called “lipokines” ( Li et al., 2020) or metabolites called “metabokines” ( Whitehead et al., 2021). In addition, adipose tissues secrete vesicles that contain and deliver miRNA or enzymes to other cells or tissues ( Thomou et al., 2017; Yoshida et al., 2019). Thus, it is plausible that the suppression factors secreted from adipocytes are non-protein factors, although there is another possibility that the factors are protein but cannot be identified by transcriptome analysis because the regulation of translation or secretion of the protein is different between interscapular adipocytes and SV cells or inguinal adipocytes in spite of the similar mRNA level. The spontaneous differentiation of progenitors in vitro that we observed in this study may result from their separation from surrounding white adipocytes, which inhibit differentiation. Of note, the Ucp1 expression levels in the interscapular adipocytes from 10-day-old hamsters were as low as that in SV cells, indicating that interscapular adipocytes at this age were white rather than brown adipocytes. Frontini A, Cinti S. Distribution and development of brown adipocytes in the murine and human adipose organ. Cell metabolism. 2010; 11:253–256. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Stanford, K. I. et al. Brown adipose tissue regulates glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. J. Clin. Invest. 123, 215–223 (2013).

brown". Oxford English Dictionary (Onlineed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)