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Zadnik K. The Glenn A. Fry award lecture (1995). Myopia development in childhood. Optom Vis Sci. 1997;74:603–608. Saw SM, Chua WH, Hong CY, et al. Nearwork in early-onset myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43(2):332–339. Many East Asian countries are particularly affected, where the prevalence of myopia in schoolchildren exceeds 90% in some regions. 11– 13 Although genetic factors play a role in the development of myopia, the rapid growth in prevalence is likely attributable to environmental and lifestyle factors. 2 Prior studies have demonstrated an association between myopia and near-work activities such as studying, reading, and screen time among children. 14 Animal experiments suggest that near work may result in hyperopic defocus of the retina leading to excessive growth of the eye with resultant myopia. 15 Additionally, time spent outdoors has been shown to be protective against myopia, 16 potentially due to light stimulation of retinal dopamine which discourages axial growth. 17 Some selection bias is present due to non-response to the follow-up questionnaire. The enrollment questionnaire was lengthy and may have discouraged completion of the survey. Dietary measurement error is inevitable and may result in misclassification. Measurement errors may be introduced by under or over reporting of foods eaten. Random error in measuring intake and dietary change attenuate the associations. The vegetarian diet was positively associated with some lifestyle related factors and inversely associated with others. It is possible that some residual confounding has remained after adjustment because of inaccurate measurements. University of Michigan Population Studies Center. Zip Code Characteristics: Mean and Median Household Income; 2017. Available from: http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/dis/census/Features/tract2zip/. Accessed November 6, 2017.
With every diet – whether vegetarian, vegan, or non-veggie – good planning is essential to avoid nutritional deficiencies. Optimal nutrition is ensured by eating a balanced and varied vegan diet while paying attention to critical nutrients. Nutritionists also recommend having a blood test done every year or two. Vitamin B 12This retrospective, cross-sectional study of Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) members was approved by the KPSC Institutional Review Board (IRB) and adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. The KPSC IRB did not require patient consent to be acquired for this retrospective chart review as no personally identifying patient information or images were to be published. This study was conducted in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. The strengths of the study are that the data were collected prospectively in a well-designed, established cohort study. Much effort has gone into validating the dietary and physical activity questionnaires [ 20– 23]. The prospective design minimized recall bias. Study results were strengthened due to measurement of several well known confounders. After accounting for potential confounding, the associations remained strong. Cyclone Mobility is a leading supplier of power wheelchair attachments in the UK. We offer a wide range of attachments to suit all types of power wheelchair, from simple single-speed units to multi-speed units with advanced features. Our power assist wheelchair attachments are designed to provide maximum manoeuvrability and flexibility, and are available in a variety of sizes to suit all users. We also offer easy to adjust lightweight wheelchairs for improved mobility, comfort, and convenient portability . Get the best of both worlds and enjoy limitless possibilities!
O’Donoghue L, Mcclelland JF, Logan NS, et al. Refractive error and visual impairment in school children in Northern Ireland. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94(9):1155–1159. Sabate J, Wien M. Vegetarian diets and childhood obesity prevention. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:1525S–1529S. Resnikoff S, Pascolini D, Mariotti SP, Pokharel GP. Global magnitude of visual impairment caused by uncorrected refractive errors in 2004. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86(1):63–70. AHS-2 began in 2002 as a prospective study conducted among Adventist church members in the USA and Canada [ 17]. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the role of foods in regard to various forms of cancer. Participants were eligible if they were proficient in English and were aged 30 years or older. All instruments and procedures were approved by the Loma Linda University Institutional Review Board in June 2001 and approval was renewed annually thereafter.Read SA, Collins MJ, Vincent SJ. Light exposure and physical activity in myopic and emmetropic children. Optom Vis Sci. 2014;91(3):1–341. Nuts and seeds such as flax seeds, walnuts, and hemp seeds, which provide healthy fats as well as a range of other valuable nutrients. [6] Harvard T. H. Chan (2018): Fats and Cholesterol, Available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/ [11.06.2018] Nelson ME, Hamm MW, Hu FB, Abrams SA, Griffin TS. Alignment of healthy dietary patterns and environmental sustainability: a systematic review. Adv Nutr. 2016;7:1005–25. Schmidt JA, Rinaldi S, Scalbert A, et al. Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70:306–12.
Bellavia A, Stilling F, Wolk A. High red meat intake and all-cause cardiovascular and cancer mortality: is the risk modified by fruit and vegetable intake? Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104:1137–43. Ip JM, Huynh SC, Robaei D, et al. Ethnic differences in refraction and ocular biometry in a population-based sample of 11–15-year-old Australian children. Eye. 2008;22(5):649–656. Crowe FL, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Key TJ. Diet and risk of diverticular disease in Oxford cohort of European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): prospective study of British vegetarians and non-vegetarians. Br Med J. 2011;343:d4131. Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Hypertension and blood pressure among meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans in EPIC-Oxford. Public Health Nutr. 2002;5:645–54. Orlich MJ, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Sabate J, Fan J, Singh PN, Fraser GE. Patterns of food consumption among vegetarians and non-vegetarians. Br J Nutr. 2014;112:1644–53.Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Scientific report of the 2015 dietary guidelines advisory committee, Vol 7. Washington, DC: US Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services; 2015. p. 202–4. Bourne RR, Stevens GA, White RA, et al. Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2013;1(6):e339–e349. Vegetables and fruits such as tomatoes, cabbage, beetroot, pumpkin, ga rlic, olives, brocc oli, apples, nectarines, berries, bananas, melons, and oranges. These kinds of food are an important source of vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients, and fibre. [3] Harvard T. H. Chan (2018): Vegetables and Fruits. Available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/vegetables-and-fruits/ [11.06.2018] Rizzo NS, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Sabate J, Fraser GE. Nutrient profiles of vegetarian and non-vegetarian dietary patterns. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113:1610–9. Le LT, Sabate J. Beyond meatless, the health effects of vegan diets: findings from the Adventist cohorts. Nutrients. 2014;6:2131–47.
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